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Primitive single-celled organisms thought by some to be the oldest life-forms on Earth. They survive in a range of extreme environments, such as salty water, hot springs, and sulfur vents at the bottom of the ocean floor.

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Science » Biology » Genetics » Prokaryotic » Archaea (3)

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Microbe from Depths Takes Life to Hottest Known Limit A newly discovered organism thrives near deep-sea ocean vents at temperatures up to 121C, living off dissolved iron. Images, video, and links to related research. Press release from the National Science Foundation. www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr0384.htm

Introduction to the Archaea Covers their main groupings, chemical differences from other life forms, fossil record, and the structure of their cell walls. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html

ArchaeaWeb Links to popular press and journal articles, research news, and other sources of information about Archaea and extremophiles. Includes user comments. www.archaea.unsw.edu.au

Taxonomy Browser (Archaea) Shows the relationships among the reconginzed groups, and samples yet to be named or classified. www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Archaea

Archaea Microbiological journal devoted to original research on the Archaea. Author guide, publication schedule, and text of older articles. www.archaea.ws

Life in Extreme Environments Links to information about thermophiles, halophiles, and other extremophiles both inside and outside of the domain Archaea. www.astrobiology.com/extreme.html

Archaea (Archaebacteria) Taxonomy, description, and extensive references, with particular emphasis on the Crenarchaeota (classified here as a Kingdom.) tolweb.org/tree?group=Archaea&contgroup=Life

The Scientist: Hot-Vent Microbes: Looking Backward In Evolution For Future Uses Summary of research into the scientific uses of thermophiles and their heat-tolerant enzymes, such as PCR (polymerase chain reactions), toxic waste cleanup, and biomedical processes. [Free registration required] www.the-scientist.com/yr1994/may/hotvent_940530.html

Microbial Wonders Of The Deep - Halophiles Discusses the unique lipid composition of their cell walls, bacteriorhodopsin photosynthesis, and the use of high concentrations of potassium to combat sodium osmosis. www.thesecondlayer.com/marine/halophiles.html

Halobacteria Detailed discussion of the molecules involved in their cytoplasmic and photosynthetic membrane lipids, structural glycoproteins, ionic relationships, and photosynthetic cycle. www.science.siu.edu/../micr425/425Notes/09-Halobact.html

Journal of Biological Chemistry: Extreme Halophiles Synthesize Betaine from Glycine by Methylation Research on the methyltransferase enzymes involved in synthesis of glycine betaine in Actinopolyspora halophila and Ectothiorhodospira halochloris. Transfer of the relevant genes increased salt tolerance in E. coli. www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/275/29/22196

ARCHAIC (ARCHAebacterial Information Collection) Genome sequences of three Euryarchaeota species, Pyrococcus sp. OT3, Thermoplasma volcanium GSS1, and Archaeoglobus fulgidus, and related papers by the research group. www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/archaic

Horikoshi Superbugs Summary of interesting organisms discovered during a search for extremophiles, including a picture of the triangular halophile Haloarcula japonicus. www.jst.go.jp/erato/project/htkb_P/htkb_P.html

Archaea Introduction to this life form, written at three different levels of complexity for use by educators and students. www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/archaea.html